Distributed Control System (DCS)
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Concept of SCADA System
SCADA is an acronym for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
❑ Data Acquisition :
Gathers information from widely distributed processes
❑ Supervisory Control :
Calculate and give limited control instructions to distant process facilities
Concept of SCADA System
SCADA is an acronym for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
❑ Data Acquisition :
Gathers information from widely distributed processes
❑ Supervisory Control :
Calculate and give limited control instructions to distant process facilities
Energy Efficient Electric Motors Systems
Introduction:
This manual gives a brief description of state-of-the-art technologies used to develop high efficiency motors, including premium efficiency induction motors, permanent magnet motors, and switched reluctance motors.
It also analyses issues that affect motor system efficiency and provides guidelines on how to deal with those issues namely by:
Selection of energy‐efficient motors
Properly sizing of motors;
Using Variable Speed Drives (VSDs), where appropriate. The use of VSDs can
lead to better process control, less wear in the mechanical equipment, less
acoustical noise, and significant energy savings;
Optimisation of the complete system, including, the distribution network,
power quality and efficient transmissions;
Motor Systems Energy Assessments
Taking Measurements
Applying best maintenance practices.
Motor Repair
How to win approval for energy efficiency projects
Energy Management Systems
Energy Efficient Electric Motors Systems
Introduction:
This manual gives a brief description of state-of-the-art technologies used to develop high efficiency motors, including premium efficiency induction motors, permanent magnet motors, and switched reluctance motors.
It also analyses issues that affect motor system efficiency and provides guidelines on how to deal with those issues namely by:
Selection of energy‐efficient motors
Properly sizing of motors;
Using Variable Speed Drives (VSDs), where appropriate. The use of VSDs can
lead to better process control, less wear in the mechanical equipment, less
acoustical noise, and significant energy savings;
Optimisation of the complete system, including, the distribution network,
power quality and efficient transmissions;
Motor Systems Energy Assessments
Taking Measurements
Applying best maintenance practices.
Motor Repair
How to win approval for energy efficiency projects
Energy Management Systems
Testing and Commissioning of Electrical Equipment
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of these specifications is to assure that all tested electrical equipment and systems supplied by either contractor or owner are operational and within applicable standards and manufacturer’s tolerances and that equipment and systems are installed in accordance with design specifications. The need for acceptance testing of electrical power systems is very clear to those with extensive start-up and/or operating experience.
Shipping and installation damage, field and factory wiring errors, manufacturing defects, and systems and components not in accordance with drawings and specifications are some of the many problems that can be detected by appropriate testing. When these defects are found before start-up they can be corrected under warranty and without the safety hazards and possible equipment and consequential damages or loss of use/production that can occur if discovered after startup or energizing. In addition, test results obtained during acceptance testing are invaluable as base reference data for periodic testing which is an essential element of an effective maintenance program.
This document lists a majority of the field test available for assessing the suitability for service and reliability of the power distribution system. Certain tests have been assigned an “optional” classification. The following considerations were used in determining the use of the “optional” classification: 1. Did another test listed provide similar information? 2. How did the cost of the test compare to the cost of other tests providing similar information? 3. How commonplace was the test procedure? Is it new technology? While acknowledging the above, it is still necessary to make an informed judgment for each particular system regarding how extensive the testing should be. The approach taken in these specifications is to present a comprehensive series of tests that is applicable to most industrial and larger commercial systems.
The guidance of an experienced testing professional should be sought when making decisions such as how extensive testing should be. In smaller systems, some of the tests can be deleted. In other cases, a number of the tests indicated as optional should be performed. As a further note, it is important to follow the recommendations contained in the manufacturer’s instruction manuals. Many of the details of a complete and effective acceptance testing procedure can only be obtained from that source.
Testing and Commissioning of Electrical Equipment
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of these specifications is to assure that all tested electrical equipment and systems supplied by either contractor or owner are operational and within applicable standards and manufacturer’s tolerances and that equipment and systems are installed in accordance with design specifications. The need for acceptance testing of electrical power systems is very clear to those with extensive start-up and/or operating experience.
Shipping and installation damage, field and factory wiring errors, manufacturing defects, and systems and components not in accordance with drawings and specifications are some of the many problems that can be detected by appropriate testing. When these defects are found before start-up they can be corrected under warranty and without the safety hazards and possible equipment and consequential damages or loss of use/production that can occur if discovered after startup or energizing. In addition, test results obtained during acceptance testing are invaluable as base reference data for periodic testing which is an essential element of an effective maintenance program.
This document lists a majority of the field test available for assessing the suitability for service and reliability of the power distribution system. Certain tests have been assigned an “optional” classification. The following considerations were used in determining the use of the “optional” classification: 1. Did another test listed provide similar information? 2. How did the cost of the test compare to the cost of other tests providing similar information? 3. How commonplace was the test procedure? Is it new technology? While acknowledging the above, it is still necessary to make an informed judgment for each particular system regarding how extensive the testing should be. The approach taken in these specifications is to present a comprehensive series of tests that is applicable to most industrial and larger commercial systems.
The guidance of an experienced testing professional should be sought when making decisions such as how extensive testing should be. In smaller systems, some of the tests can be deleted. In other cases, a number of the tests indicated as optional should be performed. As a further note, it is important to follow the recommendations contained in the manufacturer’s instruction manuals. Many of the details of a complete and effective acceptance testing procedure can only be obtained from that source.
Installation of Optical Fibre Cables Inside Sewer Ducts
Summary
ITU-T Recommendation L.77 describes methods to install optical cables inside sewer ducts, which applies to both the cable installation and the pre-installation of an infrastructure, if requested. This Recommendation covers both man- and non-man-accessible sewer ducts. This Recommendation is not intended to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. Therefore, it shall be the responsibility of the user of this Recommendation to establish appropriate health and safety practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations, if any, prior to its use.
Installation of Optical Fibre Cables Inside Sewer Ducts
Summary
ITU-T Recommendation L.77 describes methods to install optical cables inside sewer ducts, which applies to both the cable installation and the pre-installation of an infrastructure, if requested. This Recommendation covers both man- and non-man-accessible sewer ducts. This Recommendation is not intended to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. Therefore, it shall be the responsibility of the user of this Recommendation to establish appropriate health and safety practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations, if any, prior to its use.
Process Automation In Wastewater Treatment Plants: the Finnish Experience
Abstract:
The degree and importance of automation at municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have increased with the development of technology and tightening of treatment requirements. The objective of this paper is to assess and document the current status of process automation at WWTPs in Finland to determine successful practices and the needs of plant operators. Renewing ammonia or organic content
removal processes to total nitrogen removal processes has also increased the need of Instrumentation, Control and Automation (ICA). The survey has quantified that the reliability and accuracy of the on-line sensor measurement has improved recently, which makes the use of on-line measurements in control more applicable. The use of nutrient sensors in control is apparently still rare at Finnish WWTPs even though their use for monitoring purposes is common.
Process Automation In Wastewater Treatment Plants: the Finnish Experience
Abstract:
The degree and importance of automation at municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have increased with the development of technology and tightening of treatment requirements. The objective of this paper is to assess and document the current status of process automation at WWTPs in Finland to determine successful practices and the needs of plant operators. Renewing ammonia or organic content
removal processes to total nitrogen removal processes has also increased the need of Instrumentation, Control and Automation (ICA). The survey has quantified that the reliability and accuracy of the on-line sensor measurement has improved recently, which makes the use of on-line measurements in control more applicable. The use of nutrient sensors in control is apparently still rare at Finnish WWTPs even though their use for monitoring purposes is common.
Electrical Temperature Measurement
Electrical temperature measurement
The measurement of temperature is of special importance in numerous processes, with around 45% of all required measurement points associated with temperature. Applications include smelting, chemical reactions, food processing, energy measurement, and air conditioning. The applications mentioned are so very different, as are the service requirements imposed on the temperature sensors, their principle of operation, and their technical construction. In industrial processes, the measurement point is often a long way from the indication point; this may be demanded by the process conditions, with smelting and annealing furnaces, for example, or because central data acquisition is required. Often there is a requirement for further processing of the measurements in controllers or recorders.
The direct-reading thermometers familiar to us all in our everyday life are unsuitable for these applications; devices are needed that convert temperature into another form, an electrical signal. Incidentally, these electrical transducers are still referred to as thermometers, although, strictly speaking, what is meant is the transducer, comprising the sensor element and its surrounding protection fitting. In industrial electrical temperature measurement, pyrometers, resistance thermometers, and thermocouples are in common use. There are other measurement systems, such as oscillating quartz sensors and fiber-optic systems that have not yet found a wide application in the industry
Electrical Temperature Measurement
Electrical temperature measurement
The measurement of temperature is of special importance in numerous processes, with around 45% of all required measurement points associated with temperature. Applications include smelting, chemical reactions, food processing, energy measurement, and air conditioning. The applications mentioned are so very different, as are the service requirements imposed on the temperature sensors, their principle of operation, and their technical construction. In industrial processes, the measurement point is often a long way from the indication point; this may be demanded by the process conditions, with smelting and annealing furnaces, for example, or because central data acquisition is required. Often there is a requirement for further processing of the measurements in controllers or recorders.
The direct-reading thermometers familiar to us all in our everyday life are unsuitable for these applications; devices are needed that convert temperature into another form, an electrical signal. Incidentally, these electrical transducers are still referred to as thermometers, although, strictly speaking, what is meant is the transducer, comprising the sensor element and its surrounding protection fitting. In industrial electrical temperature measurement, pyrometers, resistance thermometers, and thermocouples are in common use. There are other measurement systems, such as oscillating quartz sensors and fiber-optic systems that have not yet found a wide application in the industry
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