Exploring The Potential Of Commercial Polyethylene Membranes For Desalination By Membrane Distillation
Source: https://www.elsevier.com
Author: Jian Zuo , Sina Bonyadi , Tai-Shung Chung
The potential of utilizing polyethylene (PE) membranes in membrane distillation (MD) for sea water desalination has been explored in this study. The advantages of using PE membranes are their in-trinsic hydrophobicity with low surface energy of 28–33*10-3 N/m, good chemical stability and low thermal conductivity and their commercial availability that may expedite the MD commercialization process. Several commercial PE membranes with different physicochemical properties are employed to study the capability and feasibility of PE membrane application in an MD process.
Only logged in customers who have purchased this product may leave a review.
Related products
Adsorption of Heavy Metals from Multi-Metal Aqueous Solution by Sunflower Plant Biomass-Based Carbons
Abstract
This study reports the competitive adsorption
of Ni(II), Cd(II) and Cr(VI) onto sunflower waste biomass
carbons, viz. sunflower head carbon and sunflower stem
carbon from multi-metal aqueous solution.
Adsorption of Heavy Metals from Multi-Metal Aqueous Solution by Sunflower Plant Biomass-Based Carbons
Abstract
This study reports the competitive adsorption
of Ni(II), Cd(II) and Cr(VI) onto sunflower waste biomass
carbons, viz. sunflower head carbon and sunflower stem
carbon from multi-metal aqueous solution.
Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions onto Rice Husk Ash Low Cost Adsorbent
Abstract
In the present study, adsorption of Zn (II), Cd (II) and Hg (II) ions on rice husk ash (RHA) has been investigated in single, binary and tertiary systems.
Batch experiments were also carried out for mono-and multi-component systems with varying metal ions concentrations (mg/l) to investigate the competitive adsorption characteristics.
Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions onto Rice Husk Ash Low Cost Adsorbent
Abstract
In the present study, adsorption of Zn (II), Cd (II) and Hg (II) ions on rice husk ash (RHA) has been investigated in single, binary and tertiary systems.
Batch experiments were also carried out for mono-and multi-component systems with varying metal ions concentrations (mg/l) to investigate the competitive adsorption characteristics.
Removal of Escherichia Coli from Domestic Wastewater Using Electrocoagulation
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of electrocoagulation in the removal of Escherichia coli from domestic and urban wastewaters and to determine the effects of the main operational parameters on the process. An electrocoagulation reactor with aluminum and iron electrodes was built for this purpose. A factorial design was applied, where amperage, treatment time, and pH were considered as the factors and E. coli percent removal was the response variable. After 20 min of treatment, >97% removal efficiency was achieved. The highest E. coli removal efficiency achieved was 99.9% at a neutral pH of 7, amperage of 3 A, and treatment time of 60 min. However, the removal efficiency of close to 99% was also achieved at natural wastewater pH of 8.5. The statistical analyses showed that the three tested factors significantly affected the E. coli removal percentage (p < 0.05). These results indicate that electrocoagulation has a high disinfection power in a primary reactor in removing water con[1]taminants as well as simultaneously removing pathogenic microorganisms when compared to biological treatment processes. This represents an additional benefit, because it will considerably reduce the use of chlorine during the final disinfection stage.
Removal of Escherichia Coli from Domestic Wastewater Using Electrocoagulation
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of electrocoagulation in the removal of Escherichia coli from domestic and urban wastewaters and to determine the effects of the main operational parameters on the process. An electrocoagulation reactor with aluminum and iron electrodes was built for this purpose. A factorial design was applied, where amperage, treatment time, and pH were considered as the factors and E. coli percent removal was the response variable. After 20 min of treatment, >97% removal efficiency was achieved. The highest E. coli removal efficiency achieved was 99.9% at a neutral pH of 7, amperage of 3 A, and treatment time of 60 min. However, the removal efficiency of close to 99% was also achieved at natural wastewater pH of 8.5. The statistical analyses showed that the three tested factors significantly affected the E. coli removal percentage (p < 0.05). These results indicate that electrocoagulation has a high disinfection power in a primary reactor in removing water con[1]taminants as well as simultaneously removing pathogenic microorganisms when compared to biological treatment processes. This represents an additional benefit, because it will considerably reduce the use of chlorine during the final disinfection stage.
Comparison of Wastewater Treatment Using Activated Carbon from Bamboo and Oil Palm
Abstract
Developing country causes growth of industries sectors. Despite that industrial sectors releases massive amount of waste water into the environment. At the same time, the increasing number of vehicles in Malaysia promotes the development of automobile workshop that produces huge amount of wastewater as well. Wastewater contains high level of suspended total solids and leave untreated. For instance oil, grease, dyestuff, chromium, phosphate in washing products and colouring, as well as heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, barium and others potential metals. All these hazardous wastes directly pollute the environment especially the groundwater and harm the ecosystem. In order to minimize and reduce the impact to the environment, the wastewater needed to be treated using technology such as permeable reactive barrier (PRB). Activated carbon is one of the PRB utilised. It is a compromised material for treatment of wastewater where there are varieties of sources to produce activated carbon. Malaysia as an active agricultural country, massive amount of agriculture wastes can be turned into activated carbon. They are two methods used to produce activated carbon, namely furnace heat processing and microwave processing. The usage of furnace and microwave instruments can produce different quality of activated carbon due to different mechanism involves. Furnace heat processing transferred the heat from external to the internal but microwave processing is vice versa. In this article, a brief overview of activated carbon usage for wastewater treatment is highlighted.
Comparison of Wastewater Treatment Using Activated Carbon from Bamboo and Oil Palm
Abstract
Developing country causes growth of industries sectors. Despite that industrial sectors releases massive amount of waste water into the environment. At the same time, the increasing number of vehicles in Malaysia promotes the development of automobile workshop that produces huge amount of wastewater as well. Wastewater contains high level of suspended total solids and leave untreated. For instance oil, grease, dyestuff, chromium, phosphate in washing products and colouring, as well as heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, barium and others potential metals. All these hazardous wastes directly pollute the environment especially the groundwater and harm the ecosystem. In order to minimize and reduce the impact to the environment, the wastewater needed to be treated using technology such as permeable reactive barrier (PRB). Activated carbon is one of the PRB utilised. It is a compromised material for treatment of wastewater where there are varieties of sources to produce activated carbon. Malaysia as an active agricultural country, massive amount of agriculture wastes can be turned into activated carbon. They are two methods used to produce activated carbon, namely furnace heat processing and microwave processing. The usage of furnace and microwave instruments can produce different quality of activated carbon due to different mechanism involves. Furnace heat processing transferred the heat from external to the internal but microwave processing is vice versa. In this article, a brief overview of activated carbon usage for wastewater treatment is highlighted.
Water Desalination Using Solar Thermal Collectors Enhanced by Nanofluids
Introduction
In the future, the world is confronted with energy and freshwater shortage. Desalination of brackish or seawater is one of the most important ways to solve the water scarcity issue [1, 2]. The use of solar energy or waste heat sources is acceptable for water-producing systems of such a small size [3–5]. The relevancy of nanomaterials is to realize the best attainable properties within the smallest possible loadings through homogenized distribution and stable suspension of these nanoparticles[6–11]. Often, heat transfer improvement in solar collectors is one of the basic problems in energy saving, compact designs, and different operating temperatures. Researchers also investigated the multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and water nanofluids with a pH of 3.5, 6.5, and 9.5, and Triton X-100 as a surfactant (0.2 wt %) using flat-plate solar collectors. It was found that the nanofluids have better heat transfer performance in acidic and alkaline water due to the influence of the isoelectric point. The higher efficiency (67 %) was obtained at pH 9.5 and 3.5 with a water flow rate of 0.0333 kg s–1. A stable nanofluid based on ethylene glycol-containing nanosheets of graphene oxide was prepared by Yu et al. [12]. The improvement in thermal conductivity relies strongly on the volume fraction of the nanosheet of graphene oxide and increases with higher nanoparticle loading. The heat efficiency was enhanced up to 61.0 % using a nanosheet loading of 5.0 vol %. For seven days, the thermal conductivity of the fluids remained almost constant, which suggests their high stability. In the measured temperature range, the enhancement value was independent of the temperature. Peyghambarzadeh et al. [13, 14] studied force convection techniques in an excessively base water nanofluid, which was experimentally compared to water in a vehicle heat exchanger with different nanofluid loadings. It was experimentally investigated to improve the rate of heat transfer. The variable effect of the inlet temperature of the fluid in the heat exchanger on the heat transfer coefficient was evaluated. The findings showed that the incremental fluid circulation rate would increase the output rate of heat transfer, while the temperature of the fluid entering the heat exchanger had negligible effects. Meanwhile, water nanofluid subservience at low-volume loadings would increase the heat transfer rate efficiency by approximately 44 % compared to water
Water Desalination Using Solar Thermal Collectors Enhanced by Nanofluids
Introduction
In the future, the world is confronted with energy and freshwater shortage. Desalination of brackish or seawater is one of the most important ways to solve the water scarcity issue [1, 2]. The use of solar energy or waste heat sources is acceptable for water-producing systems of such a small size [3–5]. The relevancy of nanomaterials is to realize the best attainable properties within the smallest possible loadings through homogenized distribution and stable suspension of these nanoparticles[6–11]. Often, heat transfer improvement in solar collectors is one of the basic problems in energy saving, compact designs, and different operating temperatures. Researchers also investigated the multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and water nanofluids with a pH of 3.5, 6.5, and 9.5, and Triton X-100 as a surfactant (0.2 wt %) using flat-plate solar collectors. It was found that the nanofluids have better heat transfer performance in acidic and alkaline water due to the influence of the isoelectric point. The higher efficiency (67 %) was obtained at pH 9.5 and 3.5 with a water flow rate of 0.0333 kg s–1. A stable nanofluid based on ethylene glycol-containing nanosheets of graphene oxide was prepared by Yu et al. [12]. The improvement in thermal conductivity relies strongly on the volume fraction of the nanosheet of graphene oxide and increases with higher nanoparticle loading. The heat efficiency was enhanced up to 61.0 % using a nanosheet loading of 5.0 vol %. For seven days, the thermal conductivity of the fluids remained almost constant, which suggests their high stability. In the measured temperature range, the enhancement value was independent of the temperature. Peyghambarzadeh et al. [13, 14] studied force convection techniques in an excessively base water nanofluid, which was experimentally compared to water in a vehicle heat exchanger with different nanofluid loadings. It was experimentally investigated to improve the rate of heat transfer. The variable effect of the inlet temperature of the fluid in the heat exchanger on the heat transfer coefficient was evaluated. The findings showed that the incremental fluid circulation rate would increase the output rate of heat transfer, while the temperature of the fluid entering the heat exchanger had negligible effects. Meanwhile, water nanofluid subservience at low-volume loadings would increase the heat transfer rate efficiency by approximately 44 % compared to water
Fouling and Cleaning Characteristics of Reverse Osmosis (RO) Membranes
Abstract:
This work deals with fouling and successive cleaning of RO membrane fouled by an organic foulant, sodium alginate using a laboratory-scale cross flow test unit. First, spiral-wound RO membrane was fouled with sodium alginate solution up to 10% and 15%, respectively at an applied pressure of 1380 kPa with flow rate of 10 lit/min. An anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was used as a chemical cleaning agent for cleaning of RO membrane. The effect of cleaning chemical dose and cross-flow velocity on the membrane chemical cleaning duration to achieve 100% cleaning efficiency (i.e., to get original water flux) was also investigated. As the SDS concentration increases, the membrane chemical cleaning time decreases due to increase in the solubility of the foulant (when the surface tension decreases by an increase in the SDS concentration). Furthermore, the membrane chemical cleaning time decreases with increasing cross-flow velocity of the cleaning chemical solution (SDS). Higher cross-flow velocity enhances the turbulence at the fouling layer and hence the mass transfer of the foulant from the fouling layer to the bulk solution is improved, then the SDS has weakened the structural integrity of the fouling layer. It is observed that better cleaning is occurred with higher concentration of SDS and flow rate. The obtained results clearly reveal that SDS cleaning is proved to be an efficient cleaning method for RO membranes fouled with organic foulant.
Fouling and Cleaning Characteristics of Reverse Osmosis (RO) Membranes
Abstract:
This work deals with fouling and successive cleaning of RO membrane fouled by an organic foulant, sodium alginate using a laboratory-scale cross flow test unit. First, spiral-wound RO membrane was fouled with sodium alginate solution up to 10% and 15%, respectively at an applied pressure of 1380 kPa with flow rate of 10 lit/min. An anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was used as a chemical cleaning agent for cleaning of RO membrane. The effect of cleaning chemical dose and cross-flow velocity on the membrane chemical cleaning duration to achieve 100% cleaning efficiency (i.e., to get original water flux) was also investigated. As the SDS concentration increases, the membrane chemical cleaning time decreases due to increase in the solubility of the foulant (when the surface tension decreases by an increase in the SDS concentration). Furthermore, the membrane chemical cleaning time decreases with increasing cross-flow velocity of the cleaning chemical solution (SDS). Higher cross-flow velocity enhances the turbulence at the fouling layer and hence the mass transfer of the foulant from the fouling layer to the bulk solution is improved, then the SDS has weakened the structural integrity of the fouling layer. It is observed that better cleaning is occurred with higher concentration of SDS and flow rate. The obtained results clearly reveal that SDS cleaning is proved to be an efficient cleaning method for RO membranes fouled with organic foulant.
Analysis of the Flux Performance of Different RO/NF Membranes in the Treatment of Agroindustrial Wastewater by Means of the Boundary Flux Theory
Abstract:
Dynamic membrane system behaviour must be adequately addressed to avoid process unfeasibility. The lack of proper analysis will mean relying on erroneous permeate flux values in the system design, which will lead to quick and/or steady high fouling rates. In this paper, the authors present additional data supporting the boundary flux theory as a helpful tool for membrane engineers to carefully avoid process failures. By fitting the dynamic permeate flux data to the
boundary flux model, it was possible to calculate the β fouling index for the three selected membranes (one nanofiltration (NF) and two reverse osmosis (RO) ones). The dynamic flux given by the low-pressure RO membrane did not follow sub-boundary operating conditions, since a sharp flux loss was measured throughout the whole operating cycle, pinpointing that supra-boundary flux conditions were governing the system. This was supported by the calculated value of the β fouling parameter, which resulted to be in the order of ten times higher for this membrane. However, the values of β→0 for the SC-RO and DK-NF ones, supported by the very low value of the sub-boundary fouling parameter α (0.002 and 0.007 L·h −1·m−2 ·bar−2 , respectively), ensure nearly boundary operating conditions for these membranes.
Analysis of the Flux Performance of Different RO/NF Membranes in the Treatment of Agroindustrial Wastewater by Means of the Boundary Flux Theory
Abstract:
Dynamic membrane system behaviour must be adequately addressed to avoid process unfeasibility. The lack of proper analysis will mean relying on erroneous permeate flux values in the system design, which will lead to quick and/or steady high fouling rates. In this paper, the authors present additional data supporting the boundary flux theory as a helpful tool for membrane engineers to carefully avoid process failures. By fitting the dynamic permeate flux data to the
boundary flux model, it was possible to calculate the β fouling index for the three selected membranes (one nanofiltration (NF) and two reverse osmosis (RO) ones). The dynamic flux given by the low-pressure RO membrane did not follow sub-boundary operating conditions, since a sharp flux loss was measured throughout the whole operating cycle, pinpointing that supra-boundary flux conditions were governing the system. This was supported by the calculated value of the β fouling parameter, which resulted to be in the order of ten times higher for this membrane. However, the values of β→0 for the SC-RO and DK-NF ones, supported by the very low value of the sub-boundary fouling parameter α (0.002 and 0.007 L·h −1·m−2 ·bar−2 , respectively), ensure nearly boundary operating conditions for these membranes.
Nanotechnology in Water Treatment
ABSTRACT Drinking water is unfortunately becoming a rare luxury on our planet.On the other hand, with a trend of population growth, need for water which is essential to life,is becomingbigger every day.Practical application of nanotechnology in saving water worldwide is in using nanoparticles in detection of water pollution and water purification. This knowledge has importance in medicine and public health, so as in environment safety.Possible application areas of nanotechnology in field of purification and treatment of water are in filtration, catalytic and separation processes, ion exchanging, sensitive pollutant detection,etc.Nanotechnology could be the main solution in future fortreatment of surface water,groundwater, and waste water contaminated by toxic metal ions, organic and inorganic solutes, and microorganisms.
Nanotechnology in Water Treatment
ABSTRACT Drinking water is unfortunately becoming a rare luxury on our planet.On the other hand, with a trend of population growth, need for water which is essential to life,is becomingbigger every day.Practical application of nanotechnology in saving water worldwide is in using nanoparticles in detection of water pollution and water purification. This knowledge has importance in medicine and public health, so as in environment safety.Possible application areas of nanotechnology in field of purification and treatment of water are in filtration, catalytic and separation processes, ion exchanging, sensitive pollutant detection,etc.Nanotechnology could be the main solution in future fortreatment of surface water,groundwater, and waste water contaminated by toxic metal ions, organic and inorganic solutes, and microorganisms.
Biofouling of Water Treatment Membranes: A Review of the Underlying Causes, Monitoring Techniques and Control Measures
Biofouling is a critical issue in membrane water and wastewater treatment as it greatly compromises the efficiency of the treatment processes. It is difficult to control, and significant economic resources have been dedicated to the development of effective biofouling monitoring and control strategies. This paper highlights the underlying causes of membrane biofouling and provides a review on recent developments of potential monitoring and control methods in water and wastewater treatment with the aim of identifying the remaining issues and challenges in this area.
Biofouling of Water Treatment Membranes: A Review of the Underlying Causes, Monitoring Techniques and Control Measures
Biofouling is a critical issue in membrane water and wastewater treatment as it greatly compromises the efficiency of the treatment processes. It is difficult to control, and significant economic resources have been dedicated to the development of effective biofouling monitoring and control strategies. This paper highlights the underlying causes of membrane biofouling and provides a review on recent developments of potential monitoring and control methods in water and wastewater treatment with the aim of identifying the remaining issues and challenges in this area.
Renewable Energy-Driven Desalination: New Trends And Future Prospects Of Small Capacity Systems
Abstract:
New trends and future prospects for small capacity systems of Renewable Energy-driven Desalination (REDES) are reviewed and assessed in this paper over a nominal desalination capacity range of 3–1000 m3/d. A thorough literature review is reported in order to evaluate current research and developing activities. Outstanding commercial prospects in the near future are identified for two off-grid REDES technologies under development. First, wave energy converters with direct coupling to seawater desalination. Second, solar micro gas turbines with biofuel backup coupled to reverse osmosis (RO) desalination and/or zero liquid discharge water treatment. These systems, as well as mature REDES plants (namely PV/RO and wind turbines/RO), will benefit from forthcoming advances in energy efficiency in the RO process itself. The Closed Circuit RO desalination (CCROTM) concept may be a key configuration for enhancing RE-driven RO desalination. Additionally, opportunities for innovation in seawater RO desalination with variable power consumption are highlighted. On the other hand, our conclusions highlight opportunities for developing novel portable REDES systems based on solar membrane distillation with a portable linear Fresnel concentrator manufactured by SOLATOM. Additionally, the concept of portable systems could foster the commercial development of microbial desalination cells combined with solar PV energy and RO powered by tidal currents.
Renewable Energy-Driven Desalination: New Trends And Future Prospects Of Small Capacity Systems
Abstract:
New trends and future prospects for small capacity systems of Renewable Energy-driven Desalination (REDES) are reviewed and assessed in this paper over a nominal desalination capacity range of 3–1000 m3/d. A thorough literature review is reported in order to evaluate current research and developing activities. Outstanding commercial prospects in the near future are identified for two off-grid REDES technologies under development. First, wave energy converters with direct coupling to seawater desalination. Second, solar micro gas turbines with biofuel backup coupled to reverse osmosis (RO) desalination and/or zero liquid discharge water treatment. These systems, as well as mature REDES plants (namely PV/RO and wind turbines/RO), will benefit from forthcoming advances in energy efficiency in the RO process itself. The Closed Circuit RO desalination (CCROTM) concept may be a key configuration for enhancing RE-driven RO desalination. Additionally, opportunities for innovation in seawater RO desalination with variable power consumption are highlighted. On the other hand, our conclusions highlight opportunities for developing novel portable REDES systems based on solar membrane distillation with a portable linear Fresnel concentrator manufactured by SOLATOM. Additionally, the concept of portable systems could foster the commercial development of microbial desalination cells combined with solar PV energy and RO powered by tidal currents.
Reviews
There are no reviews yet.