Laboratory & Water Quality
Water Quality In The Distribution System
BACKGROUND
Much emphasis has been placed on the multiple-barrier approach for protecting public health as it relates to public water supply. Historically, most of the emphasis has been placed on source water protection, water treatment, and disinfection processes. The distribution system, including piping, storage, and appurtenances, is a protective “barrier” that needs to be operated and maintained to prevent contamination as water travels to the customer. It is an integral part of the multiple-barrier approach designed to protect water from source to tap.
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Effect of the Quality of Water Used for Dialysis on the Efficacy of Hemodialysis
Abstract
The quality of the water used for dialysis has been suggested as a factor causing inflammation in patients on hemodialysis (HD). We therefore conducted this study to identify the effect of quality of the water on nutritional state, inflammation and need for human recombinant erythropoietin (EPO) in patients undergoing HD at Agadir, Morocco. This prospective study included patients on HD for at least one year. The water treatment was done according to the standard protocol, which was followed by additional enhancement of ultrafiltration using an additional polysulfone filter (diasafe, Fresenius, Bad Homburg, Germany) before the dialyser. Water was monitored regularly during the study period to ensure acceptable levels of bacterial count as well as endotoxin levels. Various parameters including dry weight, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (PA) before and after an HD session, need for human recombinant EPO, levels of hemoglobin (Hb), albumin, ferritin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and the dose of dialysis delivered (Kt/V) were measured first at the beginning of the study and thereafter, in the third, sixth and 12 th months of the study. The study involved 47 patients, and after 12 months of the study, an improvement in median dry weight (1.2 kg, P = 0017) and a simultaneous median reduction of 20.7 IU/kg/week of EPO, with an in-crease of the median level of Hb, was noted. The results of our study suggest that by improving the biocompatibility of HD with the use of good quality water, patients acquire a better nutritional, inflammatory and hematologic status.
Effect of the Quality of Water Used for Dialysis on the Efficacy of Hemodialysis
Abstract
The quality of the water used for dialysis has been suggested as a factor causing inflammation in patients on hemodialysis (HD). We therefore conducted this study to identify the effect of quality of the water on nutritional state, inflammation and need for human recombinant erythropoietin (EPO) in patients undergoing HD at Agadir, Morocco. This prospective study included patients on HD for at least one year. The water treatment was done according to the standard protocol, which was followed by additional enhancement of ultrafiltration using an additional polysulfone filter (diasafe, Fresenius, Bad Homburg, Germany) before the dialyser. Water was monitored regularly during the study period to ensure acceptable levels of bacterial count as well as endotoxin levels. Various parameters including dry weight, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (PA) before and after an HD session, need for human recombinant EPO, levels of hemoglobin (Hb), albumin, ferritin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and the dose of dialysis delivered (Kt/V) were measured first at the beginning of the study and thereafter, in the third, sixth and 12 th months of the study. The study involved 47 patients, and after 12 months of the study, an improvement in median dry weight (1.2 kg, P = 0017) and a simultaneous median reduction of 20.7 IU/kg/week of EPO, with an in-crease of the median level of Hb, was noted. The results of our study suggest that by improving the biocompatibility of HD with the use of good quality water, patients acquire a better nutritional, inflammatory and hematologic status.
Boiler Water Quality Requirements and Associated Steam Quality for Industrial/Commercial and Institutional Boilers
Introduction:
The purpose of this publication is to acquaint engineers, purchasers and operators of industrial, commercial and institutional (ICI) boilers with ABMA's judgment as to the relationship between boiler water quality and boiler performance. This document is published for general guidance as a supplement to detailed operating manuals supplied by the equipment manufacturers. It should also be noted that the information presented is directed to steel boiler designs, as opposed to cast iron sectional or copper finned tube boilers. Furthermore Utility Boilers and Combined Cycle Boilers, which require extremely close control of water quality and steam purity, are not the topic of this document. This new document combines two previous ABMA Guideline documents, namely “Boiler Water Requirements and Associated Steam Purity for Commercial Boilers” (1998), and “Boiler Water Limits and Achievable Steam Purity for Water tube Boilers”, (1995). The document discusses the effect of various feed water and condensate systems on the boiler operation. It also provides information on boiler water and steam testing as well as system care and maintenance. It is recognized that specific boiler usage and water treatment will vary and may require values different from these recommendations. Boiler users therefore, need to define limits, equipment and operating parameters for their particular application. These recommendations are for information only. Everyone is free to accept or reject the conclusions of these suggestions as their own judgment warrants in all aspects of the conduct of their business. The ABMA does not represent or warrant that any level of steam purity depicted will be achieved by any particular boiler or boilers.
Boiler Water Quality Requirements and Associated Steam Quality for Industrial/Commercial and Institutional Boilers
Introduction:
The purpose of this publication is to acquaint engineers, purchasers and operators of industrial, commercial and institutional (ICI) boilers with ABMA's judgment as to the relationship between boiler water quality and boiler performance. This document is published for general guidance as a supplement to detailed operating manuals supplied by the equipment manufacturers. It should also be noted that the information presented is directed to steel boiler designs, as opposed to cast iron sectional or copper finned tube boilers. Furthermore Utility Boilers and Combined Cycle Boilers, which require extremely close control of water quality and steam purity, are not the topic of this document. This new document combines two previous ABMA Guideline documents, namely “Boiler Water Requirements and Associated Steam Purity for Commercial Boilers” (1998), and “Boiler Water Limits and Achievable Steam Purity for Water tube Boilers”, (1995). The document discusses the effect of various feed water and condensate systems on the boiler operation. It also provides information on boiler water and steam testing as well as system care and maintenance. It is recognized that specific boiler usage and water treatment will vary and may require values different from these recommendations. Boiler users therefore, need to define limits, equipment and operating parameters for their particular application. These recommendations are for information only. Everyone is free to accept or reject the conclusions of these suggestions as their own judgment warrants in all aspects of the conduct of their business. The ABMA does not represent or warrant that any level of steam purity depicted will be achieved by any particular boiler or boilers.
Water Treatment and Pathogen Control
This document is part of a series of expert reviews on different aspects of microbial water quality and health, developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) to inform development of guidelines for drinking-water quality, and to help countries and suppliers to develop and implement effective water safety plans. Contamination of drinking-water by microbial pathogens can cause disease outbreaks and contribute to background rates of disease. There are many treatment options for eliminating pathogens from drinking-water. Finding the right solution for a particular supply involves choosing from a range of processes. This document is a critical review of some of the literature on removal and inactivation of pathogenic microbes in water. The aim is to provide water quality specialists and design engineers with guidance on selecting appropriate treatment processes, to ensure the production of high quality drinking-water. Specifically, the document provides information on choosing appropriate treatment in relation to raw water quality, estimating pathogen concentrations in drinking-water, assessing the ability of treatment processes to achieve health-based water safety targets and identifying control measures in process operation.
Water Treatment and Pathogen Control
This document is part of a series of expert reviews on different aspects of microbial water quality and health, developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) to inform development of guidelines for drinking-water quality, and to help countries and suppliers to develop and implement effective water safety plans. Contamination of drinking-water by microbial pathogens can cause disease outbreaks and contribute to background rates of disease. There are many treatment options for eliminating pathogens from drinking-water. Finding the right solution for a particular supply involves choosing from a range of processes. This document is a critical review of some of the literature on removal and inactivation of pathogenic microbes in water. The aim is to provide water quality specialists and design engineers with guidance on selecting appropriate treatment processes, to ensure the production of high quality drinking-water. Specifically, the document provides information on choosing appropriate treatment in relation to raw water quality, estimating pathogen concentrations in drinking-water, assessing the ability of treatment processes to achieve health-based water safety targets and identifying control measures in process operation.
Basic Laboratory Study Guide
Preface:
The Laboratory Study Guide is an important resource for preparing for the certification exam and is arranged by chapters and sections. Each section consists of key knowledges with important informational concepts you need to know for the certification exam. This study guide also serves as a wastewater treatment plant operations primer that can be used as a reference on the subject. In preparing for the exams:
- Study the material! Read every key knowledge until the concept is fully understood and knownto memory.
- Learn with others! Take classes in this type of wastewater operations to improve your understanding and knowledge of the subject.
- Learn even more! For an even greater understanding and knowledge of the subjects, read and review the references listed at the end of the study guide.
Basic Laboratory Study Guide
Preface:
The Laboratory Study Guide is an important resource for preparing for the certification exam and is arranged by chapters and sections. Each section consists of key knowledges with important informational concepts you need to know for the certification exam. This study guide also serves as a wastewater treatment plant operations primer that can be used as a reference on the subject. In preparing for the exams:
- Study the material! Read every key knowledge until the concept is fully understood and knownto memory.
- Learn with others! Take classes in this type of wastewater operations to improve your understanding and knowledge of the subject.
- Learn even more! For an even greater understanding and knowledge of the subjects, read and review the references listed at the end of the study guide.
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