Laboratory & Water Quality
Water Quality – Sampling – Part 1 : Guidance on The Design of Sampling Programmes and Sampling Techniques (ISO 5667-1:2006)
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Introduction:
The purpose of this publication is to acquaint engineers, purchasers and operators of industrial, commercial and institutional (ICI) boilers with ABMA's judgment as to the relationship between boiler water quality and boiler performance. This document is published for general guidance as a supplement to detailed operating manuals supplied by the equipment manufacturers. It should also be noted that the information presented is directed to steel boiler designs, as opposed to cast iron sectional or copper finned tube boilers. Furthermore Utility Boilers and Combined Cycle Boilers, which require extremely close control of water quality and steam purity, are not the topic of this document. This new document combines two previous ABMA Guideline documents, namely “Boiler Water Requirements and Associated Steam Purity for Commercial Boilers” (1998), and “Boiler Water Limits and Achievable Steam Purity for Water tube Boilers”, (1995). The document discusses the effect of various feed water and condensate systems on the boiler operation. It also provides information on boiler water and steam testing as well as system care and maintenance. It is recognized that specific boiler usage and water treatment will vary and may require values different from these recommendations. Boiler users therefore, need to define limits, equipment and operating parameters for their particular application. These recommendations are for information only. Everyone is free to accept or reject the conclusions of these suggestions as their own judgment warrants in all aspects of the conduct of their business. The ABMA does not represent or warrant that any level of steam purity depicted will be achieved by any particular boiler or boilers.
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Analysis of Wastewater for Use in Agriculture – A Laboratory Manual of Parasitological and Bacteriological Techniques
Introduction:
The use of wastewater for crop irrigation is becoming increasingly common, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. Crop yields are higher as the wastewater contains not only water for crop growth, but also plant nutrients (mainly nitrogen and phosphorus). However, there is the risk that wastewater irrigation may facilitate the transmission of excreta-related diseases. In the late 1980s, the World Health Organization, the World Bank and the International Reference Centre for Waste Disposal sponsored a series of studies and meetings of experts to examine these health risks (International Reference Centre for Waste Disposal, 1985; Shuval et al., 1986; Prost, 1988; World Health Organization, 1989). From an appraisal of the available epidemiological evidence, it was established that the major risks were: the transmission of intestinal nematode infections both to those working in the waste-water irrigated fields and to those consuming vegetables grown in the fields; these infections are due to Ascaris lumbricoides (the human roundworm), Trichuris trichiura (the human whipworm), and Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus (the human hookworms); and- the transmission of faecal bacterial diseases - bacterial diarrhoea and dysentery, typhoid and cholera - to the crop consumers.
Analysis of Wastewater for Use in Agriculture – A Laboratory Manual of Parasitological and Bacteriological Techniques
Introduction:
The use of wastewater for crop irrigation is becoming increasingly common, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. Crop yields are higher as the wastewater contains not only water for crop growth, but also plant nutrients (mainly nitrogen and phosphorus). However, there is the risk that wastewater irrigation may facilitate the transmission of excreta-related diseases. In the late 1980s, the World Health Organization, the World Bank and the International Reference Centre for Waste Disposal sponsored a series of studies and meetings of experts to examine these health risks (International Reference Centre for Waste Disposal, 1985; Shuval et al., 1986; Prost, 1988; World Health Organization, 1989). From an appraisal of the available epidemiological evidence, it was established that the major risks were: the transmission of intestinal nematode infections both to those working in the waste-water irrigated fields and to those consuming vegetables grown in the fields; these infections are due to Ascaris lumbricoides (the human roundworm), Trichuris trichiura (the human whipworm), and Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus (the human hookworms); and- the transmission of faecal bacterial diseases - bacterial diarrhoea and dysentery, typhoid and cholera - to the crop consumers.
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